Spectral effects of light-emitting diodes on plant growth, visual color quality, and photosynthetic photon efficacy: White versus blue plus red radiation

Arrays of blue (B, 400-500 nm) and red (R, 600-700 nm) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) used for plant growth applications make visual assessment of plants difficult compared to a broad (white, W) spectrum. Although WLEDs are sometimes used in horticultural lighting fixtures, little research has been published using them for sole-source lighting. We grew seedlings of begonia (Begonia xsemperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium xhorturum), petunia (Petunia xhybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) at 20 degrees C under six sole-source LED lighting treatments with a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 160 mu mol.m(2).s(-1) using B (peak = 447 nm), green (G, peak = 531 nm), R (peak = 660 nm), and/or mintW(MW, peak = 558 nm) LEDs that emitted 15% B, 59% G, and 26% R plus 6 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1) of far-red radiation. The lighting treatments (with percentage from each LED in subscript) were MW100, MW75R25, MW45R55, MW25R75, B15R85, and B(20)G(40)R(40). At the transplant stage, total leaf area, and fresh and dry weight were similar among treatments in all species. Surprisingly, when petunia seedlings were grown longer (beyond the transplant stage) under sole-source lighting treatments, the primary stem elongated and had flower buds earlier under MW100 and MW75R25 compared to under B15R85. The color rendering index of MW75R25 and MW45R55 were 72, and 77, respectively, which was higher than those of other treatments, which were <= 64. While photosynthetic photon efficacy of B15R85 (2.25 mu mol.J(-1)) was higher than theWlight treatments (1.51-2.13 mu mol.J(-1)), the dry weight gain per unit electric energy consumption (in g.kWh(-1)) of B15R85 was similar to those of MW25R75, MW45R55, and MW75R25 in three species. We conclude that compared to B+R radiation, Wradiation had generally similar effects on seedling growth at the same PPFD with similar electric energy consumption, and improved the visual color quality of sole-source lighting.