Molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical samples: A three year study in Tehran, Iran

Introduction Emergence of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) strains has led to great concern in global public health in both developing and developed countries. This study investigated distribution and molecular characterization of VRSA strains in Tehran's hospitals using a combination of molecular typing methods. Materials and methods A total of 1789 S. aureus isolates obtained between 2014 and 2017 and were characterized using antibiogram, SCCmec typing, spa typing, and multilocus-sequence typing. Resistance to vancomycin was determined by E-test method. After confirmation of the isolated VRSA strain, genetic analysis was performed by evaluating vanA and vanB genes presence. The presence of resistance (ermA, ermB, ermC, mupA, msrA, msrB, tetM, ant (4')-Ia, aac (6')Ie/aph (2'), aph (3')-IIIa) and toxin (etb, eta, pvl, tst) encoding genes was investigated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results Of all S. aureus tested isolates, four isolates were confirmed as VRSA isolates and two isolates confirmed as VISA isolates. ST5-SCCmec II/t002 and ST239-SCCmec III/t037 strains had MIC values of 512 mu g/ml, ST239-SCCmec III/t037 and ST8-SCCmecIV/t008 strains had MIC values of 64 mu g/ml and ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 and ST239-SCCmec III/t030 strains had MIC values >= 8 mu g/ml. pvl-encoding gene was confirmed in ST8-SCCmecIV/t008 and ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 strains. The isolates differed in the carriage of resistance and toxin encoding genes. Conclusions The study revealed the existence of VRSA strains in capital of Iran, Tehran. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ST239-SCCmec III/t037 as VRSA strain. These findings support the need for future surveillance studies on VRSA strains to keep the emergence and transmission of these isolates to a minimum.