Occupational Exposure to Ultrafine Particles among Airport Employees - Combining Personal Monitoring and Global Positioning System

Background: Exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) has been linked to cardiovascular and lung diseases. Combustion of jet fuel and diesel powered handling equipment emit UFP resulting in potentially high exposure levels among employees working at airports. High levels of UFP have been reported at several airports, especially on the apron, but knowledge on individual exposure profiles among different occupational groups working at an airport is lacking. Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare personal exposure to UFP among five different occupational groups working at Copenhagen Airport (CPH). Method: 30 employees from five different occupational groups (baggage handlers, catering drivers, cleaning staff and airside and landside security) at CPH were instructed to wear a personal monitor of particle number concentration in real time and a GPS device. The measurements were carried out on 8 days distributed over two weeks in October 2012. The overall differences between the groups were assessed using linear mixed model. Results: Data showed significant differences in exposure levels among the groups when adjusted for variation within individuals and for effect of time and date (p < 0.01). Baggage handlers were exposed to 7 times higher average concentrations (geometric mean, GM: 37 x 10(3) UFP/cm(3), 95% CI: 25-55 x 10(3) UFP/cm(3)) than employees mainly working indoors (GM: 5 x 10(3) UFP/cm(3), 95% CI: 2-11 x 10(3) UFP/cm(3)). Furthermore, catering drivers, cleaning staff and airside security were exposed to intermediate concentrations (GM: 12 to 20 x 10(3) UFP/cm(3)). Conclusion: The study demonstrates a strong gradient of exposure to UFP in ambient air across occupational groups of airport employees.