Frequency of Regulatory T-Cells in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis from Shanxi Province, China

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by the chronic and continuous infection of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). M. tuberculosis is an intracellular bacterial pathogen and is eliminated mainly through CD4(+) effector Th cells. M. tuberculosis induces regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) that mediate immune suppression by cell-to-cell contact or by secreting cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). To understand the role of regulatory T-cells in the pathogenesis of TB, we have measured the in vivo frequency of regulatory T-cells and associated in vivo cytokine production in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, we analyzed blood samples from 3 different populations (Group 1: patients with active TB, Group 2: patients recovered from TB and Group 3: healthy controls). We measured natural regulatory T-cell expression in peripheral blood using flow cytometry, and levels of blood serum IFN-gamma and TGF-beta 1 using ELISA. The in vivo function of inductive regulatory T cells was mainly indicated by the expression of IFN-gamma, TGF-beta 1, etc. Frequency of natural regulatory T cells and inductive regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood samples from Group 1 patients were all significantly higher (P<0.05) than those from Groups 2 and 3. Conclusion/Significance: Our results indicate that frequency of natural regulatory T cells and inductive regulatory T cells are significantly higher in the peripheral blood of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. These findings have potential application in improving TB diagnostic methods.