Hydrogen Sulfide Protects against Chemical Hypoxia-Induced Cytotoxicity and Inflammation in HaCaT Cells through Inhibition of ROS/NF-κB/COX-2 Pathway

Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to protect against oxidative stress injury and inflammation in various hypoxia-induced insult models. However, it remains unknown whether H(2)S protects human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) against chemical hypoxia-induced damage. In the current study, HaCaT cells were treated with cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)), a well known hypoxia mimetic agent, to establish a chemical hypoxia-induced cell injury model. Our findings showed that pretreatment of HaCaT cells with NaHS (a donor of H(2)S) for 30 min before exposure to CoCl(2) for 24 h significantly attenuated CoCl(2)-induced injuries and inflammatory responses, evidenced by increases in cell viability and GSH level and decreases in ROS generation and secretions of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-8. In addition, pretreatment with NaHS markedly reduced CoCl(2)-induced COX-2 overexpression and PGE(2) secretion as well as intranuclear NF-kappa B p65 subunit accumulation (the central step of NF-kappa B activation). Similar to the protective effect of H(2)S, both NS-398 (a selective COX-2 inhibitor) and PDTC (a selective NF-kappa B inhibitor) depressed not only CoCl(2)-induced cytotoxicity, but also the secretions of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-8. Importantly, PDTC obviously attenuated overexpression of COX-2 induced by CoCl(2). Notably, NAC, a ROS scavenger, conferred a similar protective effect of H(2)S against CoCl(2)-induced insults and inflammatory responses. Taken together, the findings of the present study have demonstrated for the first time that H(2)S protects HaCaT cells against CoCl(2)-induced injuries and inflammatory responses through inhibition of ROS-activated NF-kappa B/COX-2 pathway.