Cytokine Profiles in Asthma Families Depend on Age and Phenotype

Background: Circulating cytokine patterns may be relevant for the diagnosis of asthma, for the discrimination of certain phenotypes, and prognostic factors for exacerbation of disease. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study we investigated serum samples from 944 individuals of 218 asthma-affected families by a multiplex, microsphere based system detecting at high sensitivity eleven asthma associated mediators: eotaxin (CCL11), granulocyte macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon gamma (IFN gamma), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (p40), IL-13, IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). Single cytokine levels were largely similar between asthmatic and healthy individuals when analysing asthma as single disease entity. Regulatory differences between parental and pediatric asthma were reflected by six of the eleven mediators analyzed (eotaxin, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, TNF alpha). IL-12 (p40) and IL-5 were the best predictor for extrinsic asthma in children with an increased odds ratio of 2.85 and 1.96 per log pg/ml increase (IL-12 (p40): 1.2-6.8, p = 0.019, and IL-5: 1.2-2.5, p = 0.025). Frequent asthma attacks in children are associated with elevated IL-5 serum levels (p = 0.013). Cytokine patterns seem to be individually balanced in both, healthy and diseased adults and children, with various cytokines correlating among each other (IL-17 and IFN gamma (r(s) = 0.67), IL-4 and IL-5 (r(s) = 0.55), IFN gamma and GM-CSF (r(s) = 0.54)). Conclusion/Significance: Our data support mainly an age-but also an asthma phenotype-dependent systemic immune regulation.