Impact of benzimidazole and dithiocarbamate fungicides on the photosynthetic machinery, sugar content and various antioxidative enzymes in chickpea

Background and aims: Fungicides, though beneficial for agricultural productivity, are known to interfere with the basic metabolism and induce the formation of various biomolecules and also alter the physiological parameters of plant growth. The present study is an attempt to understand the effect of different conc, of benzimidazole (Carbendazim) and dithocarbamate (Mancozeb) fungicides on photosynthetic components such as chlorophyll content, total sugar and phenolic content and various antioxidative enzymes in developing seedlings of chickpea. Material and Methods: Chickpea seeds of two cultivars (PDG-4 and GPF-2) were incubated with different conc. (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5%) of the fungicide for 24 and 48 h and then allowed to germinate for 10 days in an incubated chamber. Seedlings were analyzed for various physiological parameters such as variation in root/shoot length, photosynthetic activity (chlorophyll content), total sugar and phenolic content and activity of antioxidative enzymes such as GPX, CAT and SOD etc. Results and conclusions: Compared to the unstressed samples, fungicide stress resulted in an overall decrease in root/shoot length, relative water content etc. thus indicating that the applied fungicides adversely affects the rate of germination of seedlings. A differential behaviour of various chlorophyll (Chla, Chlb, total chlorophyll) contents suggests that fungicides stress affects the photosynthetic machinery. Estimations of sugar and total phenolic content indicated that higher conc. of the fungicide lowered the total sugar content at the 10-day-old seedling stage; thereby giving an indication that the fungicide may interferes with carbohydrate metabolism. We observed that the level of peroxidase increased at higher conc. of the both types of fungicide as compared to control samples whereas the catalase activity increased in PDG 4 but a lower activity was observed in GPF-2 under increasing conc. of both the fungicides. The levels of superoxide dismutase decreased in PDG-4 but increased in GPF-2 under higher conc. of both the fungicides thus indicating that different varieties of chickpea behaved differently and triggers various antioxidant enzymes as defence mechanism to counter the fungicides stress.