Distribution, Pathotypes, and Metalaxyl Sensitivity of Phytophthora sojae from Heilongjiang and Fujian Provinces in China

Phytophthora sojae causes root and stem rot, one of the most devastating diseases of soybean worldwide. In Heilongjiang and Fujian provinces in China, serious cases of Phytophthora stem and root rot have occurred and caused heavy losses in the past several years. To determine the current population status of this pathogen, we investigated the pathogen's distribution, pathotypes, and metalaxyl sensitivity in both provinces. P. sojae was baited and isolated from 258 soil samples in both provinces using the soybean leaf bait method. The pathotypes of all isolates were characterized on 13 differential soybean cultivars using the hypocotyl slit inoculation method, and the sensitivity of all isolates to metalaxyl was tested in vitro. In all, 75 isolates were recovered from 75 fields in 33 counties; of these, 31 counties were in Heilongjiang Province and 2 counties were in Fujian Province. Thirty-five new pathotypes were identified compared with the previously defined races. Less than 5% of the isolates were virulent to cultivars with individual Rps genes la, lc, or lk. No metalaxyl-resistant isolates were found; the half maximal effective concentration values of all isolates ranged from 0.04 to 0.22 mu g ml(-1). These results suggest that effective management of the disease in both provinces can be accomplished through the use of resistant cultivars with Rps genes la,lc, or lk and the fungicide metalaxyl.