Haploids and doubled haploids in Brassica spp. for genetic and genomic research

The availability of a highly efficient and reliable microspore culture protocol for many Brassica species makes this system useful for studying basic and applied research questions. Microspores and microspore-derived embryos are ideal targets for modification by mutagenesis and transformation. Regenerated doubled haploid plants are widely used in breeding programs and in genetic studies. Furthermore, the Brassica microspore culture system allows the identification of genomic regions and genes involved in the microspore embryogenic response, spontaneous diploidization and direct embryo to plant conversion. This review summarizes current achievements and discusses future perspectives.