Pb/Cu effects on the organization of microtubule cytoskeleton in interphase and mitotic cells of Allium sativum L.

The effects of lead and copper on the arrangement of microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton in root tip cells of Allium sativum L. were investigated. Batch cultures of garlic were carried out under defined conditions in the presence 10(-4) M Pb/Cu of various duration treatments. With tubulin immunolabelling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we found four different types of MT structures depending on the cell cycle stage: the interphase array, preprophase band, mitotic spindle and phragmoplast were typical for the control cells. Pb/Cu affected the mechanisms controlling the organization of MT cytoskeleton, and induces the following aberrations in interphase and mitotic cells. (1) Pb/Cu induced the formation of atypical MT arrays in the cortical cytoplasm of the interphase cells, consisting of skewed, wavy MT bundles, MT fragments and ring-like tubulin aggregations. (2) Pb/Cu disordered the chromosome movements carried out by the mitotic spindle. The outcome was chromosome aberrations, for example, chromosome bridges and chromosome stickiness, as well as inhibition of cells from entering mitosis. (3) Depending on the time of exposure, MTs disintegrated into shorter fragments or they completely disappeared, indicating MT depolymerization. (4) Different metals had different effects on MT organization. MTs were more sensitive to the pressure of Cu ions than Pb. Moreover, TEM observations showed that the MTs were relatively short and in some places wavy when exposed to 10(-4) M Pb/Cu solutions for 1-2 h. In many sections MTs were no longer visible with increasing duration of treatment (> 4 h). Based on these results, we suggested that MT cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for Pb/Cu-associated toxicity and tolerance in plants.