Ginsenoside Rb1 in asymmetric somatic hybrid calli of Daucus carota with Panax quinquefolius

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is one of the most valuable herbs in the world. Its major active components are ginsenosides. In order to produce ginsenoside heterogeneously, somatic hybridization, a novel approach for genetic introgression, was employed in this study. Protoplasts derived from respective calli of carrot (Daucus carota var. sativus Hoffm.) and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius L.) were used as the fusion partners. Hybrid calli derived from single cell lines containing chromatin of American ginseng were confirmed by the analyses of isozyme, Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that the ginseng monomer Rb-1 was synthesized in seven of the hybrid calli identified as well as in the parent American ginseng calli but not in the parent carrot calli. Results indicated that hybrid introgression lines could produce ginsenoside Rb-1 and the ginsenoside Rb-1 biosynthesis pathway has been introgressed into carrot cells via somatic hybridization. From the point of biosafety view concerning the consumer acceptance, the potential predominance to produce ginsenosides with somatic hybridization other than with genetic transformation is discussed.