Nano-Magnesium Oxide: A Novel Bactericide Against Copper-Tolerant Xanthomonas perforans Causing Tomato Bacterial Spot

Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas perforans causes significant damage on tomato in Florida. Due to the presence of copper (Cu)-tolerant X. perforans strains, Cu bactericides are not effective in disease management. Hence, there is a critical need to find alternatives for Cu. Antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide (Nano-MgO), and other metal oxide nanoparticles, were evaluated against a Cu-tolerant and -sensitive X. perforans strain. In vitro experiments demonstrated high antibacterial activity of Nano-MgO against both strains compared with the commercial Cu. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Nano-MgO is 25 mu g/ml and the minimum bactericidal concentration is 100 mu g/ml against a Cu-tolerant X. perforans strain after 4 h of exposure. Structural changes in the bacterial membrane following exposure to Nano-MgO treatments compared with the controls were observed using transmission electron microscopy. In two greenhouse experiments with a Cu-tolerant strain, bacterial spot severity was significantly reduced by Nano-MgO at 200 mu g/ml compared with Cu-ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate (grower standard), and the untreated control (P=0.05). In three field experiments, Nano-MgO at 200 mu g/ml significantly reduced disease severity with no negative impact on yield compared with the untreated control. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric analysis of the fruit confirmed that Nano-MgO application did not lead to the accumulation of Mg, Cu, Ca, K, Mn, P, and S. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential of Nano-MgO against bacterial spot of tomato.