期刊
PHYTOMEDICINE
卷 54, 期 -, 页码 169-181出版社
ELSEVIER GMBH
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.186
关键词
Black ginseng; Anti-inflammation; Panax ginseng; Anti-nociceptive; Xylene-induced ear edema; Carrageenan-induced paw edema
资金
- National Research Foundation of Korea - Korean government [2015R1D1A1A09057204]
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2015R1D1A1A09057204] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
Background: Different processing conditions alter the ginseng bioactive compounds, promoting or reducing its anti-inflammatory effects. We compared black ginseng (BG) - that have been steamed 5 times - with red ginseng (RG). Hypothesis/ Purpose: To compare the anti-inflammatory activities and the anti-nociceptive properties of RG and BG. Methods: Nitric Oxide (NO) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay, quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema Results: The ginsenoside contents were confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and has been altered through increased processing. The highest concentration of these extracts inhibited NO production to near-basal levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 without exhibiting cytotoxicity. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression at the mRNA level was investigated using qRT-PCR. Comparatively, BG exhibited better inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators, iNOS and COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Protein expression was determined using western blot analysis and BG exhibited stronger inhibition. Xylene-induced ear edema model in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats were carried out and tested with the effects of ginseng as well as dexamethasone and indomethacin - commonly used drugs. BG is a more potent anti-inflammatory agent, possesses anti-nociceptive properties, and has a strong potency comparable to the NSAIDs. Conclusion: BG has more potent anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects due to the change in ginsenoside component with increased processing.
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