Asymmetric Thermal Acclimation Responses Allow Sheepshead Minnow Cyprinodon variegatus to Cope with Rapidly Changing Temperatures

Thermal acclimation responses in sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus were quantified by transfer and reciprocal transfer of fish between 11.1 degrees and 18.2 degrees C, between 18.2 degrees and 25.7 degrees C, or between 25.7 degrees and 32.8 degrees C. Changes in thermal acclimation status were assessed by posttransfer time series determinations of thermal tolerance (i.e., critical thermal minima and maxima). In general, heat tolerance gain and loss were complete in 20 and 25 d, respectively. Cold tolerance gain was achieved ca. 24 d posttransfer, but attrition was complete after only 12-13 d. Heat tolerance was gained asymmetrically, with fish acquiring approximately one-half of their accruable tolerance at the lowest transfer temperature. Likewise, the majority of cold tolerance accruement occurred during the warmest temperature transfer. Relatively uniform losses of heat and cold tolerance were seen in reciprocal transfers. Acclimation patterns were related to initial acclimation temperature, final acclimation temperature, and acclimation time and could be accurately modeled by multiple linear regression. The results suggest that sheepshead minnow accrue a majority of their high- or low-temperature tolerance early in the acclimation process well before potential damaging temperatures are likely to occur. This novel pattern of asymmetric heat and cold tolerance acquisition in sheepshead minnow may be a key adaptation for surviving rapid and unpredictable water temperature changes commonly encountered in their natural environment.