Imaging laser-wakefield-accelerated electrons using miniature magnetic quadrupole lenses

The improvement of the energy spread, beam divergence, and pointing fluctuations are some of the main challenges currently facing the field of laser-wakefield acceleration of electrons. We address these issues by manipulating the electron beams after their generation using miniature magnetic quadrupole lenses with field gradients of similar to 500 T/m. By imaging electron beams the spectral resolution of dipole magnet spectrometers can be significantly increased, resulting in measured energy spreads down to 1.0% rms at 190 MeV. The focusing of different electron energies demonstrates the tunability of the lens system and could be used to filter out off-target energies in order to reduce the energy spread even further. By collimating the beam, the shot-to-shot spatial stability of the beam is improved by a factor of 5 measured at a distance of 1 m from the source. Additionally, by deliberately transversely offsetting a quadrupole lens, the electron beam can be steered in any direction by several mrad. These methods can be implemented while still maintaining the ultrashort bunch duration and low emittance of the beam and, except for undesired electron energies in the energy filter, without any loss of charge. This reliable and compact control of laser-wakefield accelerated electron beams is independent of the accelerator itself, allowing immediate application of currently available beams.