期刊
VIROLOGY
卷 479, 期 -, 页码 180-193出版社
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.033
关键词
Cytokines; Immunity; Inhibitory receptors; Persistent infections; T cell exhaustion
类别
资金
- National Institutes of Health [AI049360, AI082966, AI109962, T32 AI007051, AI105343, AI112521, AI082630, AI095608, HHSN266200500030C]
Although robust and highly effective anti-viral T cells contribute to the clearance of many acute infections, viral persistence is associated with the development of functionally inferior, exhausted, T cell responses. Exhaustion develops in a step-wise and progressive manner, ranges in severity, and can culminate in the deletion of the anti-viral T cells. This disarming of the response is consequential as it compromises viral control and potentially serves to dampen immune-mediated damage. Exhausted T cells are unable to elaborate typical anti-viral effector functions. They are characterized by the sustained upregulation of inhibitory receptors and display a gene expression profile that distinguishes them from prototypic effector and memory T cell populations. In this review we discuss the properties of exhausted T cells; the virological and immunological conditions that favor their development; the cellular and molecular signals that sustain the exhausted state; and strategies for preventing and reversing exhaustion to favor viral control. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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