Probing Resonance Decays to Two Visible and Multiple Invisible Particles

We consider the decay of a generic resonance to two visible particles and any number of invisible particles. We show that the shape of the invariant mass distribution of the two visible particles is sensitive to both the mass spectrum of the new particles, as well as the decay topology. We provide the analytical formulas describing the invariant mass shapes for the nine simplest topologies (with up to two invisible particles in the final state). Any such distribution can be simply categorized by its end point, peak location, and curvature, which are typically sufficient to discriminate among the competing topologies. In each case, we list the effective mass parameters which can be measured by experiment. In certain cases, the invariant mass shape is sufficient to completely determine the new particle mass spectrum, including the overall mass scale.