Tubulation and Aggregation of Spherical Nanoparticles Adsorbed on Vesicles

How nanoparticles interact with biomembranes is central for understanding their bioactivity. In this Letter, we report novel tubular membrane structures induced by adsorbed spherical nanoparticles, which we obtain from energy minimization. The membrane tubules enclose linear aggregates of particles and protrude into the vesicles. The high stability of the particle-filled tubules implies strongly attractive, membrane-mediated interactions between the particles. The tubular structures may provide a new route to encapsulate nanoparticles reversibly in vesicles.