Flux Closure Vortexlike Domain Structures in Ferroelectric Thin Films

Enhanced piezoresponse force microscopy was used to study flux closure vortexlike structures of 90 degrees ferroelastic domains at the nanoscale in thin ferroelectric lead zirconium titanate (PZT) films. Using an external electric field, a vortexlike structure was induced far away from a grain boundary, indicating that physical edges are not necessary for nucleation contrary to previous suggestions. We demonstrate two different configurations of vortexlike structures, one of which has not been observed before. The stability of these structures is found to be size dependent, supporting previous predictions.