High-fidelity readout of trapped-ion qubits

We demonstrate single-shot qubit readout with a fidelity sufficient for fault-tolerant quantum computation. For an optical qubit stored in (40)Ca(+) we achieve 99.991(1)% average readout fidelity in 10(6) trials, using time-resolved photon counting. An adaptive measurement technique allows 99.99% fidelity to be reached in 145 mu s average detection time. For (43)Ca(+), we propose and implement an optical pumping scheme to transfer a long-lived hyperfine qubit to the optical qubit, capable of a theoretical fidelity of 99.95% in 10 mu s. We achieve 99.87(4)% transfer fidelity and 99.77(3)% net readout fidelity.