Demagnifying gravitational lenses toward hunting a clue of exotic matter and energy

We examine a gravitational lens model inspired by modified gravity theories and exotic matter and energy. We study an asymptotically flat, static, and spherically symmetric spacetime that is modified in such a way that the spacetime metric depends on the inverse distance to the power of positive n in the weak-field approximation. It is shown analytically and numerically that there is a lower limit on the source angular displacement from the lens object to get demagnification. Demagnifying gravitational lenses could appear, provided the source position beta and the power n satisfy beta > 2/(n + 1) in the units of the Einstein ring radius under a large-n approximation. Unusually, the total amplification of the lensed images, though they are caused by the gravitational pull, could be less than unity. Therefore, time-symmetric demagnification parts in numerical light curves by gravitational microlensing [F. Abe, Astrophys. J. 725, 787 (2010)] may be evidence of an Ellis wormhole (being an example of traversable wormholes), but they do not always prove it. Such a gravitational demagnification of the light might be used for hunting a clue of exotic matter and energy that are described by an equation of state more general than the Ellis wormhole case. Numerical calculations for the n = 3 and 10 cases show maximally similar to 10 and similar to 60 percent depletion of the light, when the source position is beta similar to 1.1 and beta similar to 0.7, respectively. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.87.027501