Is J enough? Comparison of gravitational waves emitted along the total angular momentum direction with other preferred orientations

The gravitational-wave signature emitted from a merging binary depends on the orientation of an observer relative to the binary. Previous studies suggest that emission along the total initial or total final angular momenta leads to both the strongest and simplest signal from a precessing compact binary. In this paper we describe a concrete counterexample: a binary with m(1)/m(2) = 4, a(1) = 0.6 (x) over cap = -a(2), placed in orbit in the x, y plane. We extract the gravitational-wave emission along several proposed emission directions, including the initial (Newtonian) orbital angular momentum; the final (similar or equal to initial) total angular momentum; and the dominant principal axis of < L(aLb)>(M). Using several diagnostics, we show that the suggested preferred directions are not representative. For example, only for a handful of other directions (p less than or similar to 15%) will the gravitational-wave signal have comparable shape to the one extracted along each of these fiducial directions, as measured by a generalized overlap (> 0.95). We conclude that the information available in just one direction (or mode) does not adequately encode the complexity of orientation-dependent emission for even short signals from merging black-hole binaries. Future investigations of precessing, unequal-mass binaries should carefully explore and model their orientation-dependent emission.