A Na3V2(PO4)(3) cathode material for use in hybrid lithium ion batteries

A NASICON-structure Na3V2(PO4)(3) cathode material prepared by carbothermal reduction method is employed in a hybrid-ion battery with Li-involved electrolyte and anode. The ion-transportation mechanism is firstly investigated in this complicated system for an open three-dimensional framework Na3V2(PO4)(3). Ion-exchange is greatly influenced by the standing time, for example, the 1 hour battery presents a specific capacity of 128 mA h g(-1) while the 24 hour battery exhibits a value of 148 mA h g(-1) with improved rate and cycling performances over existing literature reported Li-ion batteries. In the hybrid-ion system, an ion-exchange process likely takes place between the two Na(2) sites in the rhombohedral structure. NaLi2V2(PO4)(3) could be produced by ion-transportation since the Na+ in the Na(1) site is stationary and the three Na(2) sites could be used to accommodate the incoming alkali ions; LixNayV2(PO4)(3) would come out when the vacant site in Na(2) was occupied depending on the applied voltage range. The reported methodology and power characteristics are greater than those previously reported.