Faster nucleation at lower pH: amorphous phase mediated nucleation kinetics

Faster nucleation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) at lower pH (with lower supersaturation) contradicts classical understanding. We find that the residue calcium ion in the mother liquor is the key to trigger ACP phase transformation, which gives an understanding of nonclassical nucleation kinetics of ACP-mediated crystallization and sheds light on biomineralization.