Chromism based on supramolecular H-bonds

Normal solvatochromic phenomena are induced by different polarities of the ground and excited states of a compound when it is dissolved in a solvent. A compound such as the perylene diimide (PDI) derivative, which has a small difference in the dipole moments of the excited and ground states, generally shows a weak color change. Herein, we found that a dilute dichloromethane (DCM) solution of the PDI derivative 1,6,7,12-tetra(4-tert-butylphenoxyl) PDI (1) with a typical concentration of 1 x 10(-5) M distinctly changed colour from red to dark blue with a distinct red-shift of both the absorption (Delta lambda(a)(max) = 32 nm) and the fluorescence (Delta lambda(f)(max) = 45 nm) when 50 000 equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were added. Such a new chromism originates from the stronger decrease of the energy level of the LUMO than that of the HOMO after the step-by-step H-bonding of TFA with the PDI chromophore: firstly, the imide C=O functionality, then the bridged -O- and finally the TFA molecules undergo H-bonding, forming a highly polar TFA shell around the PDI molecule, as proved by the concentration variable UV-vis absorption, fluorescence, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, and NOE spectra, cyclic voltammetry, and quantum chemical calculations. The degree of the solution's color change (Delta lambda(a)(max)/Delta lambda(f)(max) ) depends (1) on the number of the bay-substituted 4-n-butylphenoxyl groups: it amounts to 25/38 and 17/22 nm for 1,7-bis(4-tert-butylphenoxyl) PDI (2) and the bay-unsubstituted PDI 3, respectively, and (2) on the polarity of the -OH functionality: in HOOC-CX3, for example, the value of Delta lambda(a)(max)/Delta lambda(f)(max) of PDI 1 amounts to 9.5/17 nm for trichloroacetic acid (TClA, X = Cl) and 0/3.6 nm for acetic acid (AA, X = H). The protons are necessary for the chromism, and thus ethyl trifluoroacetic acid ester, EtOTFA, cannot produce any obvious red-shifting of the absorption and fluorescence for 1-3. However, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFEtOH) produces an obvious red-shift.