Effects of high power ultrasound on all-E-β-carotene, newly formed compounds analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

To study effects of high power ultrasound treatment (20 kHz) on beta-carotene degradation, a second-order central composite design (CCD) was performed to investigate maximum beta-carotene loss with three independent factors (ultrasonic intensity, sonication time, and temperature). Results based on variance analysis and Pareto chart have shown that sonication time is the most important factor, followed by ultrasonic intensity level. The evolved degradation products have been tentatively identified using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to both diode array detector and a mass spectrometer (UHPLC-DAD-MS). The main degradation products, tentatively identified, are three Z-isomers of beta-carotene and seven beta-apo-carotenalsiones. Hypothesis on the degradation mechanism of carotenoids are presented. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.