Engineered Andrographolide Nanoparticles Mitigate Paracetamol Hepatotoxicity in Mice

Paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) overdose is often fatal due to progressive and irreversible hepatic necrosis. The aim of this work was to design Andrographolide (AG) loaded nanoparticles to prevent similar hepatic necrosis. Functionalized AG-loaded PLGA nanoparticles carrying different densities of heparin were prepared following a facile emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Nanoparticle morphology, loading and release kinetics were studied. Hepatic localization of the nanoparticles was investigated in both normal and APAP damaged conditions using FITC fluorescent probe. Different serum parameters and liver histopathology were further examined as indicators of hepatic condition before and after treatment. A collection of heparin functionalized AG-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were designed. Low amount of heparin on the particle surface could rapidly localize the nanoparticles up to the liver. The new functionalized AG nanoparticles affect efficient hepatoprotection in experimental mouse APAP overdose conditions. AG nanoparticle hepatoprotection was due to the rapid regeneration of antioxidant capacity and hepatic GSH store. Engineered nanoparticles loaded with AG provided a fast protection in APAP induced acute liver failure.