The deglacial transition on the southeastern Alaska Margin: Meltwater input, sea level rise, marine productivity, and sedimentary anoxia

Oxygen isotope data from planktonic and benthic foraminifera, on a high-resolution age model (44 C-14 dates spanning 17,400 years), document deglacial environmental change on the southeast Alaska margin (59 degrees 33.32'N, 144 degrees 9.21'W, 682 m water depth). Surface freshening (i.e., delta O-18 reduction of 0.8 parts per thousand) began at 16,650 +/- 170 cal years B.P. during an interval of ice proximal sedimentation, likely due to freshwater input from melting glaciers. A sharp transition to laminated hemipelagic sediments constrains retreat of regional outlet glaciers onto land circa 14,790 +/- 380 cal years B.P. Abrupt warming and/or freshening of the surface ocean (i.e., additional delta O-18 reduction of 0.9 parts per thousand) coincides with the Bolling Interstade of northern Europe and Greenland. Cooling and/or higher salinities returned during the Allerod interval, coincident with the Antarctic Cold Reversal, and continue until 11,740 +/- 200 cal years B.P., when onset of warming coincides with the end of the Younger Dryas. An abrupt 1 parts per thousand reduction in benthic delta O-18 at 14,250 +/- 290 cal years B.P. likely reflects a decrease in bottom water salinity driven by deep mixing of glacial meltwater, a regional megaflood event, or brine formation associated with sea ice. Two laminated opal-rich intervals record discrete episodes of high productivity during the last deglaciation. These events, precisely dated here at 14,790 +/- 380 to 12,990 +/- 190 cal years B.P. and 11,160 +/- 130 to 10,750 +/- 220 cal years B.P., likely correlate to similar features observed elsewhere on the margins of the North Pacific and are coeval with episodes of rapid sea level rise. Remobilization of iron from newly inundated continental shelves may have helped to fuel these episodes of elevated primary productivity and sedimentary anoxia.