Glaciers and meltwater flux to Lake Baikal during the Last Glacial Maximum

Maximal 3D ice extent during MIS 2 around Lake Baikal has been reconstructed using glacial landforms in the field, aerial photos, satellite images, and CIS analysis. This regional glacial maximum is correlated (similar to 18 lcyr BP) with the global LGM based on available (14)C dates, cosmogenic (10)Be exposure ages, correlation of lakeshore moraines with two raised shorelines, and the IRD record in lake sediments. Total ice area was similar to 13,000 km(2) and ice volume similar to 2000 km(3) (similar to 1800 km(3) in water equivalent). Ice distribution was controlled by topography and ice fields, with valley glaciers spreading to adjacent depressions. Locally, ice caps with outlet glaciers existed. Averaged regional ELA is estimated to be 1290 +/- 240 m with the EIA depression at approximately 1340 m. More acceptable regional scenario of the LGM precipitation (reduction by 25-50%) implies that summer temperature decreased (by similar to 6-12 degrees C) along with an increased solid fraction in precipitation (up to 85%). There were primary climatic controls for glaciation. Meltwater supply, as a strong controller of LGM water budget (60% of total water input to the lake), is estimated to have been from 6.4 to 9.0 km(3) yr(-1) (7-9 times less than present-day river input). Preliminary balance estimation shows that during full glacial stage Lake Baikal was overflowing, with the Angara River output as [4-9] km(3) yr(-1) and with lake level close to that today. Lake level drop down to the depth of -40 m is recorded by geological and geophysical evidence, perhaps explaining the abrupt increase in effective evaporation in the lake watershed at the start of MIS 2 (similar to 24-18 ky BP). (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.