Snake venoms: A brief treatise on etymology, origins of terminology, and definitions

The ancient perceptions of venomous and poisonous snakes, as well as the Indo-European (IE) etymological origins of the term venom specifically associated with snakes are considered. Although several ancient cultures perceived snakes as symbols of fecundity and renewal, concurrent beliefs also associated venomous snakes with undesirable human characteristics or as portending non-propitious events. The respective IE roots of the terms venom and poison, wen and poi refer to desire or the act of ingesting liquids. The origin of the term, venom, is associated with polytheistic cults that emphasized attainment of desires sometimes assisted by love potions, a term later interpolated with the word, poison. Specific interpretation of the term, venom, has varied since its first probable use in the mid-Thirteenth Century. The definition of snake venom has long been contended, and interpretations have often reflected emphasis on the pharmacological or experimental toxicity of medically relevant snake venoms with less regard for the basic biological bases of these venoms, as well as those from snakes with no known medical significance. Several definitions of snake venom and their defining criteria are reviewed, and critical consideration is given to traditional criteria that might facilitate the future establishment of a biologically accurate definition. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.