Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Activation and Expression in the Tissue Remodeling Involved in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) plays a key role in the tissue remodeling processes involved in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), with the biological functions of secreted TGF-beta 1 regulated by multiple proteins. Among these regulators, latency-associated peptide and latent TGF-beta 1-binding protein inhibit TGF-beta 1 function, whereas different proteases and integrins activate it. Progress in understanding the factors responsible for the bioactivity and expression of TGF-beta 1 has revealed that the dysregulation of TGF-beta 1 activation and expression is closely associated with the chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases involved in CRS. This review of the regulation of TGF-beta 1 activation and expression provides insight into the mechanism responsible for the different CRS subtypes, which will help further the investigation of novel therapy targets for the treatment of CRS. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel