Stable selones in glutathione-peroxidase-like catalytic cycle of selenonicotinamide derivative

Selenonicotinamide, 2,2'-diselenobis[3-amidopyridine] (NictSeSeNict) exhibits glutathione-peroxidase (GPx)-like activity, catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by glutathione (GSH). Estimated reactivity parameters for the reaction of selenium species, according to the Dalziel kinetic model, towards GSH (phi(GSH)) and H2O2 (phi(H2O2)), indicated that the rate constant for the reaction of NictSeSeNict with GSH is higher as compared to that with H2O2, indicating that the activity is initiated by reduction. Se-77 NMR spectroscopy, HPLC analysis, mass spectrometry (MS) and absorption spectroscopy were employed to understand the nature of selenium intermediates responsible for the activity. The Se-77 NMR resonance at 525 ppm due to NictSeSeNict disappeared in the presence of GSH with the initial appearance of signals at delta 364 and 600 ppm, assigned to selone (NictC=Se) and selenenyl sulfide (NictSeSG), respectively. Reaction of H2O2 with NictSeSeNict produced a mixture of selenenic acid (NictSeOH) and seleninic acid (NictSeO(2)H) with 77Se NMR resonances appearing at 1069 and 1165 ppm, respectively. Addition of three equivalents of GSH to this mixture produced a characteristic Se-77 NMR signal of NictSeSG. HPLC analysis of the product formed by the reaction of NictSeSeNict with GSH confirmed the formation of NictC=Se absorbing at 375 nm. Stopped-flow kinetic studies with global analysis revealed a bimolecular rate constant of 4.8 +/- 0.5 x 10(3) M-1 s(-1) and 1.7 +/- 0.6 x 102 M-1 s(-1) for the formation of NictC=Se produced in two consecutive reactions of NictSeSeNict and NictSeSG with GSH, respectively. Similarly the rate constant for the reaction of NictC=Se with H2O2 was estimated to be 18 +/- 1.8 M-1 s(-1). These studies clearly indicated that the GPx activity of NictSeSeNict is initiated by reduction to form NictSeSG and a stable selone, which is responsible for its efficient GPx activity.