The HtrA1 Promoter Polymorphism, Smoking, and Age-related Macular Degeneration in Multiple Case-control Samples

Objective: To assess the association and combined effect on the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by the HtrA1 and complement factor H (CFH) polymorphisms, smoking, and serum cholesterol. Design: Clinic-based and population-based case control study. Participants: A total of 805 AMD cases and 921 controls from The Eye Clinic of National Eye Institute, Age-Related Eye Diseases Study, Blue Mountain Eye Study Cohort, and Minnesota Lions Eye Bank. Methods: DNA samples were genotyped for polymorphisms of rs11200638 in HtrA1 promoter and rs380390 in CFH. HtrA1 protein in ocular tissue was measured. Interactions of the HtrA1 risk allele with the CFH risk variant, smoking status, and cholesterol were assessed. Main Outcome Measures: AMD was evaluated by retinal specialists, and AMD subtypes (geographic atrophy and neovascularization) were determined. Results: Strong associations of the HtrA1 risk allele (A) with AMD were present in all sample sets. A similar magnitude of association was observed for central geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD. The combination of the HtrA1 and CFH risk alleles increased AMD susceptibility, as did the combination of the HtrA1 risk allele with smoking. No combined effect of HtrA1 risk allele and cholesterol level was found. Enhanced expression of HtrA1 protein was detected in retina with AMD. Conclusions: Findings from multiple samples support an AMD genetic variant harbored within HtrA1. The risk of advanced AMD increased when the presence of risk alleles from HtrA 1 was combined with either CFH risk alleles or history of smoking. Financial Disclosure(s): The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article. Ophthalmology 2008; 115:1891-1898 (C) 2008 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.