Clustering of H and He, and their effects on vacancy evolution in tungsten in a fusion environment

The behaviours of hydrogen and helium in tungsten are vitally important in fusion research because they can result in the degradation of the material. In the present work, we carry out density-functional theory calculations to investigate the clustering of hydrogen and helium atoms at interstitial sites, vacancy and small vacancy clusters (Vac(m), m = 2, 3), and the influence of hydrogen and helium on vacancy evolution in tungsten. We find that hydrogen atoms are extremely difficult to aggregate at interstitial sites to form a stable cluster in tungsten. However, helium atoms are energetically favourable to cluster together in a close-packed arrangement between (110) planes forming helium monolayer structure, where the helium atoms are not perfectly in one plane. Both hydrogen and helium prefer to aggregate stably in vacancy and small vacancy cluster forming Vac(m)X(n) (X = H, He). The concentrations of Vac(m)H(n) (m = 1) clusters relative to temperature are evaluated through the law of mass action. The present calculations also show that the emission of a < 111 > dumbbell self-interstitial atom (SIA) from He-n to form VacHe(n) and from VacHe(n) to form Vac(2)He(n) may take place for n > 5 and n > 9, respectively. According to the present results, we predict that a helium monolayer structure could nucleate for He atom platelet lying on (110) plane in tungsten, and the helium platelet formation on (110) plane in molybdenum observed by the experiment may be due to the initial monolayer arrangement of He atoms at interstitial sites. Meanwhile, our results contribute to the understanding for nucleation and the development of the voids and blisters in tungsten that are observed in the experiments.