Measuring mitochondrial metabolism in rat brain in vivo using MR Spectroscopy of hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate

Hyperpolarized [1-C-13] pyruvate ([1-C-13]Pyr) has been used to assess metabolism in healthy and diseased states, focusing on the downstream labeling of lactate (Lac), bicarbonate and alanine. Although hyperpolarized [2-C-13] Pyr, which retains the labeled carbon when Pyr is converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, has been used successfully to assess mitochondrial metabolism in the heart, the application of [2-C-13]Pyr in the study of brain metabolism has been limited to date, with Lac being the only downstream metabolic product reported previously. In this study, single-time-point chemical shift imaging data were acquired from rat brain in vivo. [5-C-13]Glutamate, [1-C-13]acetylcarnitine and [1-C-13]citrate were detected in addition to resonances from [2-C-13]Pyr and [2-C-13]Lac. Brain metabolism was further investigated by infusing dichloroacetate, which upregulates Pyr flux to acetyl-coenzyme A. After dichloroacetate administration, a 40% increase in [5-C-13]glutamate from 0.014 +/- 0.004 to 0.020 +/- 0.006 (p = 0.02), primarily from brain, and a trend to higher citrate (0.002 +/- 0.001 to 0.004 +/- 0.002) were detected, whereas [1-C-13]acetylcarnitine was increased in peripheral tissues. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that hyperpolarized [2-C-13]Pyr can be used for the in vivo investigation of mitochondrial function and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism in brain. Copyright (C) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.