期刊
NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA
卷 51, 期 6, 页码 1124-1131出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.02.022
关键词
Cognitive reserve; General cognitive ability; Episodic memory; Hippocampus; Verbal learning
资金
- National Institute on Aging [R01 AG022982, R01 AG018386, R01 AG022381, R01 AG018384]
- National Institute of Drug Abuse [DA029475]
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NS056883]
- National Center for Research Resources [P41-RR14075, BIRN002, U24 RR021382]
- National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering [EB006758]
- National Center for Alternative Medicine [RC1 AT005728-01]
- National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NS052585-01, 1R21NS072652-01, 1R01NS070963]
- Ellison Medical Foundation
- Academy of Finland
- Sigrid Juselius Foundation
Cognitive reserve is hypothesized to help people withstand greater brain pathology without manifesting clinical symptoms, and may be regarded as a preventive factor of dementia. It is unclear whether the effect of cognitive reserve is evident only among the older adults or after conversion to dementia, or if it can also be seen earlier in life before the prominent effects of cognitive aging become apparent. While finding a main effect of cognitive reserve on cognitive outcome may be consistent with the reserve hypothesis, in our view, it is unnecessary to invoke the idea of reserve if only a main effect is present. Rather, it is the interaction between a measure of reserve and a brain measure on cognitive outcome that is key for confirming that the effects of brain pathology affect people differently according to their cognitive reserve. We studied whether general cognitive ability at an average age of 20 years, as a direct measure of cognitive reserve, moderates the association between hippocampal volume and episodic memory performance in 494 middle-aged men ages 51 to 60. Whereas there was no statistically significant direct relationship between hippocampal volume and episodic memory performance in middle age, we found a statistically significant interaction such that there was a positive association between hippocampal volume and episodic memory only among people with lower general cognitive ability at age 20, i.e., lower levels of cognitive reserve. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that cognitive reserve moderates the relationship between brain structure and cognition in middle age, well before the onset of dementia. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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