The dynamic role of beta-catenin in synaptic plasticity

In addition to its role in development and cell proliferation, beta-catenin has been implicated in neuronal synapse regulation and remodeling. Here we review basic molecular and structural mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, followed by a description of the structure and function of beta-catenin. We then describe a role for beta-catenin in the cellular processes underlying synaptic plasticity. We also review recent data demonstrating that beta-catenin mRNA and protein phosphorylation are dynamically regulated during fear memory consolidation in adult animals. Such alterations are correlated with a change in the association of beta-catenin with cadherin, and deletion of the beta-catenin gene prevents fear learning. Overall, the extant data suggest that beta-catenin may function in mediating the structural changes associated with memory formation. This suggests a general role for beta-catenin in synaptic remodeling and stabilization underlying long-term memory in adults, and possible roles for dysfunction in the beta-catenin pathway in disorders of memory impairment (e.g. Alzheimer's Disease) and in disturbances in which emotional memories are too strong or resistant to inhibition (e.g. fear learning in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder). Further understanding of the beta-catenin pathway may lead to better appreciation for the structural mechanisms underlying learning and memory as well as provide novel therapeutic approaches in memory related disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.