期刊
NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL
卷 63, 期 7, 页码 670-681出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.008
关键词
Gliosis; Glutamate; Hippocampal sclerosis; Limbic system; Metabolism; Seizures
资金
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) [NINDS K08 NS058674, R01 NS070824]
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) [UL1 RR024139]
- National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) [TL1 RR024137]
- NCATS
- NCRR
Astrocytes play a crucial role in regulating and maintaining the extracellular chemical milieu of the central nervous system under physiological conditions. Moreover, proliferation of phenotypically altered astrocytes (a.k.a. reactive astrogliosis) has been associated with many neurologic and psychiatric disorders, including mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Glutamine synthetase (GS), which is found in astrocytes, is the only enzyme known to date that is capable of converting glutamate and ammonia to glutamine in the mammalian brain. This reaction is important, because a continuous supply of glutamine is necessary for the synthesis of glutamate and GABA in neurons. The known stoichiometry of glutamate transport across the astrocyte plasma membrane also suggests that rapid metabolism of intracellular glutamate via GS is a prerequisite for efficient glutamate clearance from the extracellular space. Several studies have indicated that the activity of GS in astrocytes is diminished in several brain disorders, including MTLE. It has been hypothesized that the loss of GS activity in MTLE leads to increased extracellular glutamate concentrations and epileptic seizures. Understanding the mechanisms by which GS is regulated may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to MTLE, which is frequently refractory to antiepileptic drugs. This review discusses several known mechanisms by which GS expression and function are influenced, from transcriptional control to enzyme modification. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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