Exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responses

Inflammation contributes to ischemic brain injury. However, translation of experimental findings from animal models into clinical trials is still ineffective, since the majority of human stroke studies mainly focus on acute neuroprotection, thereby neglecting inflammatory mechanisms and inflammation-associated co-morbidity factors such as hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, both wildtype and ApoE(-/-) mice that exhibit increased serum plasma cholesterol levels fed with normal or high cholesterol diet were exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Analysis of peripheral immune responses revealed an ischemia-induced acute leukocytosis in the blood, which was accompanied by enhanced myeloid cell and specifically granulocyte cell counts in the spleen and blood of ApoE(-/-) mice fed with Western diet. These cellular immune changes were further associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytoldnes like IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Moreover, endogenous stroke-induced endothelial activation as well as CXCL-1 and OCCL-2 expression were increased, thus resulting in accelerated leukocyte, particularly granulocyte accumulation, and enhanced ischemic tissue damage. The latter was revealed by larger infarct volumes and increased local DNA fragmentation in ischemic brains of ApoE(-/-) mice on Western diet. These effects were not observed in wildtype mice on normal or Western diet and in ApoE(-/-) mice on normal diet. Our data demonstrate that the combination of both ApoE knockout and a high cholesterol diet leads to increased ischemia-induced peripheral and cerebral immune responses, which go along with enhanced cerebral tissue injury. Thus, clinically predisposing conditions related to peripheral inflammation such as hypercholesterolemia should be included in up-coming preclinical stroke research. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.