Origins of a repetitive and co-contractive biphasic pattern of muscle activation in Parkinson's disease

In studies of electromyographic (EMG) patterns during movements in 'Parkinson's disease, often a repetitive and sometimes co-contractive pattern of antagonist muscle activation is observed. It has been suggested that the origin of such patterns of muscle activation is a central one arising from impairments in the basal ganglia structures and/or the cortex, although afferent inputs can also modulate the voluntary activity. A neural network model of Parkinson's disease, bradykinesia and rigidity, is extended to quantitatively study the conditions under which such a repetitive and co-contractive pattern of muscle activation appears. Computer simulations show that an oscillatory disrupted globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) response signal comprising at least two excitation-inhibition sequences as an input to a normally functioning cortico-spinal model of movement generation results in a repetitive, but not co-contractive agonist-antagonist pattern of muscle activation. A repetitive and co-contractive pattern of muscle activation results when also dopamine is depleted in the cortex. Finally, additional dopamine depletion in the spinal cord sites results in a reduction of the size, duration and rate of change of the repetitive and co-contractive EMG bursts. These results have important consequences in the development of Parkinson's Disease therapies such as dopamine replacement in cortex and spinal cord, which can alleviate some of the impairments of Parkinson's Disease such as slowness of movement (bradykinesia) and rigidity. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.