Soil nitrous oxide emissions as affected by long-term tillage, cropping systems and nitrogen fertilization in Southern Brazil

Soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are affected by management practices, but little information is available on the interactive effects of tillage, cropping systems and N sources in tropical and subtropical soils. In an 18-yr old experiment located in a subtropical Acrisol of Southern Brazil we conducted a sequence of two trials. The 1-year trial (October 2003-2004) was set to evaluate the long-term effects of tillage [CT: conventional; and NT: no-tillage] and cropping systems [O/M: black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.)/maize (Zea mays L.); and V/M; vetch (Vicia sativa L.)/maize] on soil N2O emissions, either in the post-management period (45 days after desiccation and knife-rolling of winter cover crops) or in the whole year. The second and short-term trial (October-November 2004) was carried out to compare the impact of N sources [urea (mineral) and legume-residue of vetch (biologically fixed), both at 180 kg N ha(-1)] on soil N2O emissions during 53 days after cover-crop management. Air sampling was carried out by static chambers and N2O analysis by gas chromatography. In the 45-day post-management period of the 1-year trial, soil N2O emissions were practically not affected by tillage systems, but increased 4 times due to vetch residues (average of 0.40 +/- 0.08 kg N ha(-1) in V/M versus 0.10 +/- 0.05 kg N ha(-1) in O/M) and related with soil contents of NO3--N, NH4+-N, and dissolved organic C (DOC). Over the whole year, soil N2O emissions under CT were similar for grass- and legume-based cropping systems and averaged 0.43 +/- 0.17 kg N ha(-1), while NT exacerbated N2O emissions in the legume-based cropping system (0.80 +/- 0.07 kg N ha(-1) in V/M versus -0.07 +/- 0.06 kg N ha(-1) in O/M). Maize yield was not affected by tillage, but increased from 2.32 Mg ha(-1) in O/M to 4.44 Mg ha(-1) in V/M. Yield-scaled N2O emissions varied from -33g N2O-N Mg-1 grain in NT O/M to 179g N2O-N Mg-1 grain in NT VIM, and were intermediate in CT soil (106 and 156 g N2O-N Mg-lgrain in V/M and O/M cropping systems, respectively). In the short-term trial, the N2O emitted in excess relative to the control treatment (O/M without N fertilizer) was at least 3 times greater with urea-N (0.44% of applied N) than with legume-residue-Nsource (0.13% of applied N). Yield-scaled N2O emission after vetch residues management (67 g N Mg-1 grain) was half of that after urea-N application (152 g N Mg-1 grain). Partially supplying the maize N requirements with winter legume cover-crops may be a feasible strategy to mitigate soil N2O emissions in the subtropical conservation agriculture. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.