Mechanism for remodelling of the cell cycle checkpoint protein MAD2 by the ATPase TRIP13

The maintenance of genome stability during mitosis is coordinated by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) through its effector the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), an inhibitor of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C, also known as the cyclosome)(1,2). Unattached kinetochores control MCC assembly by catalysing a change in the topology of the beta-sheet of MAD2 (an MCC subunit), thereby generating the active closed MAD2 (C-MAD2) conformer(3-5). Disassembly of free MCC, which is required for SAC inactivation and chromosome segregation, is an ATP-dependent process driven by the AAA+ ATPase TRIP13. In combination with p31(comet), an SAC antagonist(6), TRIP13 remodels C-MAD2 into inactive open MAD2 (O-MAD2)(7-10). Here, we present a mechanism that explains how TRIP13-p31(comet) disassembles the MCC. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the TRIP13-p31(comet)-C-MAD2-CDC20 complex reveal that p31(comet) recruits C-MAD2 to a defined site on the TRIP13 hexameric ring, positioning the N terminus of C-MAD2 (MAD2(NT)) to insert into the axial pore of TRIP13 and distorting the TRIP13 ring to initiate remodelling. Molecular modelling suggests that by gripping MAD2(NT) within its axial pore, TRIP13 couples sequential ATP-driven translocation of its hexameric ring along MAD2(NT) to push upwards on, and simultaneously rotate, the globular domains of the p31(comet)-C-MAD2 complex. This unwinds a region of the alpha A helix of C-MAD2 that is required to stabilize the C-MAD2 beta-sheet, thus destabilizing C-MAD2 in favour of O-MAD2 and dissociating MAD2 from p31(comet). Our study provides insights into how specific substrates are recruited to AAA+ ATPases through adaptor proteins and suggests a model of how translocation through the axial pore of AAA+ ATPases is coupled to protein remodelling.