期刊
NATURE
卷 508, 期 7495, 页码 258-+出版社
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nature13198
关键词
-
资金
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [KR 3475/1-1]
- American Heart Association (AHA) [09POST2250499]
- NIH [R37 DK43051, P30 DK57521, KO8 DK090149, R01 DK100385, BNORC P30 DK046200, NORCH P30 DK040561]
- JPB foundation
- AHA [13SDG14620005, PF P30 DK0460200]
- Ellison Medical Foundation New Scholar in Aging Award
- academy of Finland [118590]
- [RO1 DK69966]
- [P01CA120964]
- [P30CA006516-46]
In obesity and type 2 diabetes, Glut4 glucose transporter expression is decreased selectively in adipocytes(1). Adipose-specific knockout or overexpression of Glut4 alters systemic insulin sensitivity(2). Here we show, using DNA array analyses, that nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (Nnmt) is the most strongly reciprocally regulated gene when comparing gene expression in white adipose tissue(WAT) from adipose-specific Glut4k-nockout or adipose-specific Glut4-overexpressing mice with their respective controls. NNMT methylates nicotinamide (vitamin B3) using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor(3,4). Nicotinamide is a precursor of NAD(+), an important cofactor linking cellular redox states with energy metabolism(5). SAM provides propylamine for polyamine biosynthesis and donates a methyl group for histone methylation(6). Polyamine flux including synthesis, catabolism and excretion, is controlled by the rate-limiting enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and spermidine-spermine N-1-acetyltransferase (SSAT; encoded by Sat1) and by polyamine oxidase (PAO), and has a major role in energy metabolism(7,8). We report that NNMT expression is increased in WAT and liver of obese and diabetic mice. Nnmt knockdown in WAT and liver protects against diet-induced obesity by augmenting cellular energy expenditure. NNMT inhibition increases adipose SAM and NAD(+) levels and upregulates ODC and SSAT activity as well as expression, owing to the effects of NNMT on histone H3 lysine 4 methylation in adipose tissue. Direct evidence for increased polyamine flux resulting from NNMT inhibition includes elevated urinary excretion and adipocyte secretion of diacetylspermine, a product of polyamine metabolism. NNMT inhibition in adipocytes increases oxygen consumption in an ODC-, SSAT- and PAO-dependent manner. Thus, NNMT is a novel regulator of histone methylation, polyamine flux and NAD(+)-dependent SIRT1 signalling, and is a unique and attractive target for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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