期刊
NATURE
卷 480, 期 7377, 页码 364-U114出版社
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nature10526
关键词
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资金
- US National Science Foundation [0844596, 0844881, 0844652]
- AToL Program [EF-0531757]
- EPSCoR (Infrastructure to Advance Life Sciences in the Ocean State) [1004057]
- iPlant Collaborative [0735191]
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography
- University of California Ship Funds
- Museum of Comparative Zoology
- Carlsberg Foundation
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Environmental Biology [0844652, 0844881] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Environmental Biology
- Direct For Biological Sciences [0844596] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Div Of Biological Infrastructure
- Direct For Biological Sciences [0735191] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Office Of The Director
- Office of Integrative Activities [1004057] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Molluscs (snails, octopuses, clams and their relatives) have a great disparity of body plans and, among the animals, only arthropods surpass them in species number. This diversity has made Mollusca one of the best-studied groups of animals, yet their evolutionary relationships remain poorly resolved(1). Open questions have important implications for the origin of Mollusca and for morphological evolution within the group. These questions include whether the shell-less, vermiform aplacophoran molluscs diverged before the origin of the shelled molluscs (Conchifera)(2-4) or lost their shells secondarily. Monoplacophorans were not included in molecular studies until recently(5,6), when it was proposed that they constitute a clade named Serialia together with Polyplacophora (chitons), reflecting the serial repetition of body organs in both groups(5). Attempts to understand the early evolution of molluscs become even more complex when considering the large diversity of Cambrian fossils. These can have multiple dorsal shell plates and sclerites(7-10) or can be shell-less but with a typical molluscan radula and serially repeated gills(11). To better resolve the relationships among molluscs, we generated transcriptome data for 15 species that, in combination with existing data, represent for the first time all major molluscan groups. We analysed multiple data sets containing up to 216,402 sites and 1,185 gene regions using multiple models and methods. Our results support the clade Aculifera, containing the three molluscan groups with spicules but without true shells, and they support the monophyly of Conchifera. Monoplacophora is not the sister group to other Conchifera but to Cephalopoda. Strong support is found for a clade that comprises Scaphopoda (tusk shells), Gastropoda and Bivalvia, with most analyses placing Scaphopoda and Gastropoda as sister groups. This well-resolved tree will constitute a framework for further studies of mollusc evolution, development and anatomy.
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