Lotus effect in engineered zirconis

Patterned micro- and nanostructured surfaces have received increasing attention because of their ability to tune the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of their surfaces. However, the mechanical properties of these studied surfaces are not sufficiently robust for load-bearing applications. Here we report transparent nanocrystalline ZrO2 films possessing combined properties of hardness and complete wetting behavior, which are expected to benefit tribology, wear reduction, and biomedical applications where ultrahydrophilic surfaces are required. This ultrahydrophilic behavior may be explained by the Wenzel model.