期刊
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
卷 446, 期 1, 页码 38-55出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu2049
关键词
Black hole physics; gravitation; gravitational waves; galaxies: evolution; galaxies: interactions
资金
- UK Science and Technology Facility Council
- Isaac Newton Studentship of the University of Cambridge
- FP7-PEOPLE-CIG, 'CBHEO' [293412]
- FP7-PEOPLE-IRSES, NRHEP [295189]
- STFC GR Roller Grant [ST/L000636/1]
- Cosmos system, part of DiRAC - STFC
- BIS [ST/K00333X/1, ST/J005673/1]
- NSF XSEDE [PHY-090003]
- CESGA-ICTS [249]
- NSF CAREER [PHY-1055103]
- DLR (Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt) through the DFG [SFB/TR 7]
- STFC [ST/K00333X/1, ST/H008586/1, ST/L000636/1, ST/J005673/1, ST/I002006/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Science and Technology Facilities Council [1344276, ST/H008586/1, ST/K00333X/1, ST/L000636/1, ST/J005673/1, ST/I002006/1] Funding Source: researchfish
We investigate the consequences of superkicks on the population of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the Universe residing in brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). There is strong observational evidence that BCGs grew prominently at late times (up to a factor 2-4 in mass from z = 1), mainly through mergers with satellite galaxies from the cluster, and they are known to host the most massive SMBHs ever observed. Those SMBHs are also expected to grow hierarchically, experiencing a series of mergers with other SMBHs brought in by merging satellites. Because of the net linear momentum taken away from the asymmetric gravitational wave emission, the remnant SMBH experiences a kick in the opposite direction. Kicks may be as large as 5000 km s (1) ('superkicks'), pushing the SMBHs out in the cluster outskirts for a time comparable to galaxy-evolution time-scales. We predict, under a number of plausible assumptions, that superkicks can efficiently eject SMBHs from BCGs, bringing their occupation fraction down to a likely range 0.9 < f < 0.99 in the local Universe. Future thirty-metre-class telescopes like ELT and TMT will be capable of measuring SMBHs in hundreds of BCGs up to z = 0.2, testing the occurrence of superkicks in nature and the strong-gravity regime of SMBH mergers.
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