A single-molecule approach to DNA replication in Escherichia coli cells demonstrated that DNA polymerase III is a major determinant of fork speed

The replisome catalyses DNA synthesis at a DNA replication fork. The molecular behaviour of the individual replisomes, and therefore the dynamics of replication fork movements, in growing Escherichia coli cells remains unknown. DNA combing enables a single-molecule approach to measuring the speed of replication fork progression in cells pulse-labelled with thymidine analogues. We constructed a new thymidine-requiring strain, eCOMB (E.coli for combing), that rapidly and sufficiently incorporates the analogues into newly synthesized DNA chains for the DNA-combing method. In combing experiments with eCOMB, we found the speed of most replication forks in the cells to be within the narrow range of 550-750nts(-1) and the average speed to be 653 +/- 9nts(-1) (+/- SEM). We also found the average speed of the replication fork to be only 264 +/- 9nts(-1) in a dnaE173-eCOMB strain producing a mutant-type of the replicative DNA polymerase III (Pol III) with a chain elongation rate (300nts(-1)) much lower than that of the wild-type Pol III (900nts(-1)). This indicates that the speed of chain elongation by Pol III is a major determinant of replication fork speed in E.coli cells.