Targeting GSTP1-1 induces JNK activation and leads to apoptosis in cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant human osteosarcoma cell lines

The effect of the glutathione transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1) targeting has been investigated in both sensitive (U-2OS) and cisplatin-resistant (U-2OS/CDDP4 mu g) human osteosarcoma cell lines. Despite the different enzyme's content, inhibition of GSTP1-1 by 6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4- ylthio) hexanol (NBDHEX) causes the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and apoptosis in both cell lines. However, different time courses of JNK activation and cell responses are observed. Whereas in the U-2OS/CDDP4 mg cell line drug treatment results in an early increase of caspase activity and secondary necrosis, in the U-2OS cells it mainly causes an early cell cycle arrest followed by apoptosis. In order to elucidate the action mechanism of NBDHEX we performed a proteomic investigation by label-free nLC-MSE. The high-throughput analysis associated with a bioinformatic tool suggested the involvement of the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) family in the cellular response to the drug treatment. We report experimental evidence of the interaction between GSTP1-1 and TRAF2 and we demonstrate that NBDHEX is able to dissociate the GSTP1-1 : TRAF2 complex. This restores the TRAF2 : ASK1 signaling, thereby leading to the simultaneous and prolonged activation of JNK and p38. These mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) mediate different effects: JNK is crucial for apoptosis, whereas p38 causes an increase in the p21 level and a concomitant cell cycle arrest. Our study shows that GSTP1-1 plays an important regulatory role in TRAF signaling of osteosarcoma and discloses new features of the action mechanism of NBDHEX that suggest potentially practical consequences of these findings.