Alteration in mitochondrial thiol enhances calcium ion dependent membrane permeability transition and dysfunction in vitro: a cross-talk between mtThiol, Ca2+, and ROS

Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and dysfunctions play a pivotal role in many patho-physiological and toxicological conditions. The interplay of mitochondrial thiol (mtThiol), MPT, Ca2+ homeostasis, and resulting dysfunctions still remains controversial despite studies by several research groups. Present study was undertaken to ascertain the correlation between Ca2+ homeostasis, mtThiol alteration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in causing MPT leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. mtThiol depletion significantly enhanced Ca2+ dependent MPT (swelling) and depolarization of mitochondria resulting in release of pro-apoptotic proteins like Cyt c, AIF, and EndoG. mtThiol alteration and Ca2+ overload caused reduced mitochondrial electron flow, oxidation of pyridine nucleotides (NAD(P)H) and significantly enhanced ROS generation (DHE and DCFH-DA fluorescence). Studies with MPT inhibitor (Cyclosporin A), Ca2+ uniport blocker (ruthenium red) and Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA) indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction was more pronounced under dual stress of altered mtThiol and Ca2+ overload in comparison with single stress of excessive Ca2+. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the changes in mitochondrial integrity under stress. Our findings suggest that the Ca2+ overload itself is not solely responsible for structural and functional impairment of mitochondria. A multi-factorial cross-talk between mtThiol, Ca2+ and ROS is responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, minor depletion of mtThiol was found to be an important factor along with Ca2+ overload in triggering MPT in isolated mitochondria, tilting the balance towards disturbed functionality.