From PTEN loss of expression to RICTOR role in smooth muscle differentiation: complex involvement of the mTOR pathway in leiomyosarcomas and pleomorphic sarcomas

Over the past decade, comprehensive genomic studies demonstrated that leiomyosarcomas and most of the tumors previously labeled as 'malignant fibrous histiocytomas' share complex karyotypes and genomic profiles, and can be referred to as 'sarcomas with complex genomics'. We recently reported a series of 160 sarcomas with complex genomics such as leiomyosarcomas, myxofibrosarcomas, pleomorphic liposarcomas/rhabdomyosarcomas and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. These tumors present with a frequent loss of chromosome 10 region encompassing the tumor suppressor gene PTEN. In the present study, we assessed PTEN genomic level and protein expression in this large series of sarcomas with complex genomics, as well as activation of downstream pathways. PTEN partial genomic loss was observed in only 46% of tumors, especially in well-differentiated leiomyosarcomas, whereas up to 68% of these tumors demonstrate a loss of protein expression on western blot analysis. Specific discrepancies in PTEN immunohistochemical results suggested bias in this latter technique. PTEN mutations were rare, with only 4 point mutations in the 65 samples studied. Subsequent activation of AKT and mTOR pathways was only observed in 2 out of 3 of PTEN-deleted tumors. On the other hand, RICTOR, a major component of the mTOR complex 2, was significantly overexpressed in well-differentiated leiomyosarcomas. These results, confirmed on tissue micro-array immunohistochemical analysis of 459 sarcomas, could suggest a link between RICTOR overexpression and leiomyosarcomas oncogenesis. As therapeutics directed against the mTOR pathway are assessed in sarcomas, RICTOR overexpression in sarcomas and its links to therapeutic response need to be assessed. Modern Pathology (2012) 25, 197-211; doi:10.1038/modpathol.2011.163; published online 11 November 2011